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Russia (Eastern Russia)

Chapter Contents
Geography	1.1
Geodynamics	1.1
Electricity	1.1
Geothermal Electricity Generation	1.1
Planned Capacity
Geothermal Potential	1.2
*Considerations*
World Heritage	1.2
National Parks and Reserves	1.3
Vulnerable/Endangered Ecoregions	1.6
Geographic Location of Ecoregions	1.7
Population Distribution	1.8
References	1.9

Russia (Eastern Russia)

GEOGRAPHY

Northern Asia (that part west of the Urals is sometimes included with Europe), bordering the Arctic Ocean, between Europe and the North Pacific Ocean
Geographic Coordinates: 60 00 N, 100 00 E
Area: total: 17,075,200 sq km (land: 16,995,800 sq km; water: 79,400 sq km)

(CIA: The World Factbook 2002: http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html)

GEODYNAMICS

Several areas in the former Soviet republics are near plate margins. The subduction boundary at Kamchatka north of Japan is part of the "ring of fire"

(GEO: http://geothermal.marin.org/map/russia.html)

A chain of over fifty islands separating the Sea of Okhotsk from the Pacific Ocean was formed from volcanic activities from the Miocene-Pliocene and Mid-Pleistocene.
Within the Alpine folding zone of the Pacific Ocean Geosyncline (Nalivkin 1960) and is largely the result of subduction by the Pacific Plate under the Eurasian Plate

(WWF: http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/pa/pa0438_full.html)

Kamchatcka :

Far eastern Siberian peninsula
Abundant volcanoes, above northward extension of Kurils subduction zone

Kuril Islands :

Subduction of Pacific Plate below North American Plate
Back arc spreading in Sea of Okhotsk
Extends north as Kamchatka, south into Hokkaido

(Acadia University: http://ace.acadiau.ca/science/geol/rraeside/quizzes/world-notes.htm)

ELECTRICITY

Electric Installed Capacity (2000E): 203 gigawatts
Thermal:68%, Hydro: 21.5%, Nuclear:10.5%
Electricity Generation (2000E): 836 billion kilowatt-hours (Bkwh)
Electricity Consumption (2000E): 767 Bkwh
Net Electricity Exports (2000E): 69 Bkwh

(EIA: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/russia.html)

GEOTHERMAL ELECTRICITY GENERATION

Some geothermal expansion in the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Kurile Islands (1994-1999)
32MWe, 4 MWe, and 20MWe power plants in the Kurile Islands planed (2000-2003)

Installed geothermal generating capacity (2000) in MW
Pauzhetka	11
Verkhne	12
Total	23

(IGA: http://iga.igg.cnr.it/russia.php)

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN EASTERN RUSSIA

Regions	Water temperature: 40⁰-200⁰C			Water temperature: 50⁰-200⁰C
Regions	Output mln. m³ per day	Output mln. m³ per day	Possible economy of fuel and heat per year mln. t.c.e. mln. Gcal	Output mln. m³ per year	Output mln. m³ per year	Possible economy of fuel and heat per year mln. t.c.e. mln. Gcal
Eastern Siberia, Far East	3.35	1222.75	8.50 42.50	1.36	492	3.42 17.00
Yakutia, Magadan, Habarovsk, Sahalin Island	1.65	602.25	4.20 21.00	0.66	240	1.67 8.30
Kamchatka, Kuril Islands	1.70	620.50	4.30 21.50	0.7	252	1.75 8.70

(Black Sea Regional Energy Center, http://www.bsrec.bg/opet/russia/Geo_Russia.htm)

GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL

CONSIDERATIONS

WORLD HERITAGE

Lake Baikal
Volcanoes of Kamchatka

(UNESCO: http://whc.unesco.org/sites/natural.htm)

NATIONAL PARKS AND RESERVATIONS

National Parks of Russia

(last modified 15 January 2002)

National Park	Location	Area (km²)	Year Established
Bashkiria	Bashkortostan	832	1986
Chuvash Varmane	Chuvashia	252	1993
Kenozersky	Arkhangelskaya	1392	1991
Khvalynsky	Saratovskaya	?	1994?
Kurshskaya Kosa	Kaliningradskaya	66.21	1987
Losiny Ostrov	Moscowskaya	111.44	1983
Mariya Chodra	Maree El	366	1985
Meschersky	Ryazanskaya	1030	1992
Meschora	Vladimirskaya	1187.58	1992
Nizhnaja Kama	Tatarstan	261	1991
Orlovskoe Polesye	Orlovskaya	47.78	1994
Paanayarvi	Karelia	1033	1992
Pereslavsky	Yaroslavskaya	217	1988
Pribaikalsky	Irkutskaya	4127.42	1986
Prielbrussky	Kabardino-Balkariya	1004	1986
Pripyshmenskie Bory	Ekaterinburgskaya	490	1993
Russkiy Sever	Vologodskaya	1664	1992
Samarskaya Luka	Samarskaya	1280	1984
Sebezhsky	Pskovskaya	480	1995
Shorsky	Kemerovskaya	4180	1989
Shushensky Bor	Krasnoyarsk region	104	1995
Smolenskoe Poozerye	Smolenskaya	1462	1992
Smolny	Mordovia rep.	?	1994?
Sochinsky	Krasnodarsky Krai	1900	1983
Taganai	Cheliabinskaya	564	1991
Tunkinsky	Buryatia	11836	1991
Ugra	Kaluzhskaya	540	1996
Valdaisky	Novgorodskaya	1585	1990
Vodlozersky	Karelia, Arkhangelskaya	4047	1991
Yugyd Va	Komi	18917.01	1993
Zabaikalsky	Buryatia	2693	1986
Zjuratkul	Chelyabinskaya	868	1994

Zapovednik (Nature Preserves)

Zapovednik	Location	Area (km²)	Year Established
Altaisky	Altayskij krai	8812.38	1932
Astrakhansky	Astrakhansky	668.16	1919
Azas	Tuva republic	3372.9	1985
Baikalo-Lensky	Irkutskaya	6599.19	1986
Baikalsky	Buryat republic	1657.24	1969
Barguzinsky	Buryat republic	3744.23	1916
Bashkirsky	Bashkortostan	496.09	1930
Bassegi	Permskaya	379.57	1982
Bastak	Jewish auton. region	910	1997
Bolshaya Kokshaga	Maree El rep.	214	1993
Bolshekhekhtsirsky	Khabarovsky	451.23	1963
Botchinsky	Khabarovsky	2673.8	1994
Bryansky Les	Bryanskaya	121.68	1987
Bureinsky	Khabarovsky	3584.44	1987
Chazy	Khakasskaya	241.41	1991
Chernye Zemli	Kalmykiya	1250	1990
Dagestansky	Dagestan rep	190.61	1987
Dalnevostochny	Primorsky krai	643.16	1978
Darvinsky	Vologodskaya	1126.73	1945
Daursky	Chitinskaya	447.52	1987
Denezhkin Kamen	Ekaterinburgskaya	781.92	1991
Dzerginsky	Buryat rep.	2378.06	1992
Dzhugdzhursky	Khabarovsky krai	8062.56	1990
Galichia Gora	Lipetskaya	2.31	1925
Great Arctic	Krasnoyarsky krai	41692.22	1993
Gydansky	Yamalo-Nenetsky unit	8780	1996
Ilmesnky	Cheliabinskaya	303.8	1920
Kabardino-Balkarsky	Kabardino-Balkaria	740.99	1976
Kaluzhskie Zaseki	Kaluzhskaya	185.33	1992
Kandalakshsky	Murmanskaya	705.27	1932
Katunsky	Altaisky krai	1500.79	1991
Kavkazsky	Krasnodarsky krai	2632.77	1924
Kedrovaja Pad	Primorsky krai	178.97	1925
Kerzhensky	Nizhegorodskaya	469.4	1993
Khankaisky	Primorsky krai	379	1990
Khingansky	Amurskaya	978.36	1963
Khopersky	Voronezhskaya	161.78	1935
Kivach	Karelia	108.8	1931
Komandorsky	Kamchatskaya	36486.79	1993
Komsomolsky	Khabarovsky krai	638.66	1963
Koryaksky	Kamchatka	3271.67	1995
Kostomukshsky	Karelia	474.57	1983
Kronotsky	Kamchatskaya	10990	1934
Kurilsky	Sakhalinskaya	653.65	1984
Kuzneztky Alatau	Kemerovskaya	4555	1989
Laplandsky	Murmanskaya	2684.36	1930
Lazovsky	Primorsky krai	1200.24	1957
Les na Vorskle	Belgorodskaya	11.28	1979
Magadansky	Magadanskaya	8838.05	1982
Malaya Sozva	Tyumenskaya	2255.62	1976
Maly Abakan	Khakasskaya	978.29	1993
Mordovsky	Mordovia rep.	321.48	1936
Nurgush	Kirovskaya	59.19	1994
Nyzhnesvirsky	Leningradskaya	416	1980
Oksky	Ryazanskaya	557.31	1935
Olekminsky	Yakutia rep.	8471.08	1984
Orenburgsky	Orenburgskaya	216	1989
Pasvik	Murmanskaya	147.27	1992
Pechoro-Ilychsky	Komi rep.	7213.22	1930
Pinezhsky	Arkhangelskaya	412.44	1974
Polistovsky	Pskovskaya	360.25	1994
Poronaisky	Sakhalinskaya	566.94	1988
Prioksko-Terrasny	Moskovskaya	49.45	1935
Prisursky	Chuvash republic	90.25	1995
Privolzhsk Lesostep	Penzenskaya	83.08	1989
Putoransky	Krasnoyarsky krai	18873	1988
Rdeisky	Novgorodskaya	359.22	1994
Rostovsky	Rostovskaya	94.64	1995
Sayano-Shushensky	Krasnoyarsky krai	3903.68	1976
Severo-Osetinsky	Severnaya Osetiya	289.99	1967
Shulgan Tash	Bashkortostan	225	1986
Sikhote-Alinsky	Primorsky krai	3470.52	1935
Sokhondinsky	Chitinskaya	2110.07	1973
Stolby	Krasnoyarsky krai	471.54	1925
Taimyrsky	Krasnoyarsky krai	17819.28	1979
Teberdinsky	Karachaevo-Cherkessia	849.96	1936
Tsentralno-Chernozemny	Kurskaya	48.74	1935
Tsentralno-Lesnoy	Tverskaya	213.8	1931
Tsentralno-Sibirsky	Krasnoyarsky krai	9720.17	1985
Tungussky	Yakutia rep.	2965.62	1995
Ubsunurskaya Kotlovina	Tuva rep.	396	1993
Ussurijsky	Primorsky krai	404.32	1932
Ust Lensky	Yakutia rep.	14330	1985
Verkhne-Tazovsky	Tyumenskaya	6313.08	1986
Vishersky	Permskaya	2412	1990
Visimsky	Ekaterinburgskaya	135.06	1971
Vitimsky	Irkutskaya	5850.21	1982
Volzhsko-Kamsky	Tatarstan rep.	80.34	1960
Voronezhsky	Voronezhskaya	310.53	1927
Voroninsky	Tambovskaya	108.19	1994
Wrangel Island	Magadanskaya	7956.5	1976
Yugansky	Tyumenskaya	6228.86	1982
Yuzhno-Uralsky	Chelyabinskaya	2549.14	1978
Zeysky	Amurskaya	993.9	1963
Zhigulevsky	Samarskaya	231.4	1927

(Johnston’s Archive: http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/other/natpk-russia.html)

VULNERABLE/ENDANGERED ECOREGIONS

South Sakhalin-Kurile mixed forests (PA0438)
Ussuri broadleaf and mixed forests (PA0443)
Da Hinggan-Dzhagdy Mounains conifer forests (PA0505)
Sayan montane conifer forests IPA0519)
East Siberian taiga (PA0601)
Okhotsk-Manchurian taiga (PA0606)
Sakhalin Island taiga (PA0607)
Trans-Bikal conifer forests (PA0609)
Mongolian-Manchurian grassland (PA0813)
Amur meadow steppe (PA0901)
Suiphun-Khanka meadows and forest meadows (PA0907)
Trans-Baikal Bald Mountain tundra (PA1112)

(WWF: http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/pa/pa0438_full.html)

GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS OF ECOREGIONS

(National Geographic: http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/terrestrial.html?id=1&mapServiceName=WW_Terrecos&locWidth=120&locHeight=72&cMinx=141.8004
&cMiny=45.914108&cMaxx=142.666901&cMaxy=47.798401&size=small&detail=detailed?id=1&size=small&detail=detailed&cMinx=142.23&cMiny=41&cMaxx=185.43&cMaxy=69.13)

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

Estimate: 147.5 – 149.9 million in 1995
78% lives in the European part of Russia
Most of industrial cities in the European part

Moscow 8.7 million [1992]
St. Petersburg 4.4 million
Novosibirsk: 1.4 million
Nizhniy Novgorod: 1.4 million
Yekaterinburg: 1.4 million
Samara: 1.2 million
Omsk: 1.2 million
Chelyabinsk: 1.1 million
Kazan 1.1 million

Only Novosibirsk and Omsk located east of the Urals
Distribution varies from more than 200 to 0.03 person per square kilometer

(University of Louisvill Ekstrom Library Government Publications: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ru0064))

References

Acadia University. Significant places for global tectonics. Retrieved from world wide web: http://ace.acadiau.ca/science/geol/rraeside/quizzes/world-notes.htm (October 24, 2002)
Black Sea Regional Energy Center. Geothermal energy in Russia. Retrieved from world wide web: http://www.bsrec.bg/opet/russia/Geo_Russia.htm (September 10)
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). (January 2002). The world factbook 2002 – Russia. Retrieved from world wide web: http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/index.html (September 10, 2002)
Energy Information Administration (EIA). (November 2002). Retrieved from world wide web: http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/russia.html (November 24, 2002)
Geothermal Education Office (GEO). Russia. Retrieved from world wide web: http://geothermal.marin.org/map/russia.html (September 10, 2002)
International Geothermal Association (IGA). (May 2002). Welcome to our page with data for Russia. Retrieved from world wide web: http://iga.igg.cnr.it/russia.php (October 2, 2002)
Johnston’s Archive. National parks in Russia. (January 2002). Retrieved from world wide web: http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/other/natpk-russia.html (September 11, 2002)
National Geographic. Wild World – Terrestrial ecoregions of the world. Retrieved from world wide web: http://www.nationalgeographic.com/wildworld/terrestrial.html?id=1&mapServiceName=WW_Terrecos&locWidth=120&locHeight=72&cMinx=141.8004&cMiny=45.914108
&cMaxx=142.666901&cMaxy=47.798401&size=small&detail=detailed?id=1&size=small&detail=detailed&cMinx=142.23&cMiny=41&cMaxx=185.43&cMaxy=69.13 (Septmeber 12, 2002)
United Nation Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). National properties on the world heritage list. (July 1, 2002). Retrieved from world wide web: http://whc.unesco.org/sites/natural.htm (October 24, 2002)
University of Louisvill Ekstrom Library Government Publications. Russia population Statistics (in Russia:A country study). Retrieved from world wide web: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ru0064) (December 27, 2002)
World Wildlife Fund (WWF). Ecoregions. Retrieved from world wide web: http://www.worldwildlife.org/wildworld/profiles/terrestrial/pa/pa0438_full.html (October 20, 2002)

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Russia (Eastern Russia)

Russia (Eastern Russia)

GEOGRAPHY

GEODYNAMICS

ELECTRICITY

GEOTHERMAL ELECTRICITY GENERATION

Installed geothermal generating capacity (2000) in MW

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY IN EASTERN RUSSIA

GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL

CONSIDERATIONS

WORLD HERITAGE

NATIONAL PARKS AND RESERVATIONS

National Parks of Russia

Zapovednik (Nature Preserves)

VULNERABLE/ENDANGERED ECOREGIONS

GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS OF ECOREGIONS

POPULATION DISTRIBUTION

References

Installed geothermal generating capacity
(2000) in MW