
Little Solar Houses for You and Me
Source Grist
Magazine
URL: http://www.greenbiz.com/news/reviews_third.cfm?NewsID=27175
Working to develop the Volkswagen of solar homes.
By Amanda Griscom
Just off I-75 in Tennessee, halfway between Knoxville
and Chattanooga, past a Home Depot, a Ford dealership,
a Krispy Kreme, and a Piggly Wiggly supermarket, there
is a newly developed tract of low-income homes built
by volunteers of Habitat for Humanity.
A bright idea: the Indrajaya-Kinandjar solar house.
At first glance, nothing about the development seems
out of the ordinary. The houses are pleasant one-story
colonials with porches, shutters, and carefully trimmed
lawns strewn with tricycles and kick balls. But upon
closer inspection, the development turns out to be more
than just another housing project in sprawling Middle
America; it is a testing ground for the affordable,
zero-energy homes of the future.
The most obvious clue to the larger picture -- a two-kilowatt
BP Millenia thin-film solar system -- can be seen glinting
on the rooftop of the home of Adam Indrajaya and Lina
Kinandjar, a landscape worker and pastry decorator,
respectively, who moved to Tennessee from Malaysia six
years ago. The solar panels were provided by the Tennessee
Valley Authority (the public electricity supplier throughout
the seven-state region of the Southeast) and the U.S.
Department of Energy's Oak Ridge National Laboratory
(located just miles away in Oak Ridge, Tenn.), which
teamed up with Habitat for Humanity to build this experimental
settlement.
Even more impressive than the rooftop installation is
the Oak Ridge-designed technology beneath it: special
insulated walls, windows, and floors; energy-efficient
lighting, appliances, and ducting; and state-of-the-art
systems for heating, air conditioning, and hot water.
The laboratory also added more esoteric efficiency measures,
such as a system that captures the heat from shower
water after it goes down the drain, and even one that
captures the warmth that comes off the coils behind
the fridge.
In hot water: the solar house's ultra-efficient water
heater. Implanted throughout the house are dozens of
sensors that monitor every detail of the family's energy
use -- and with a large-screen TV, surround-sound stereo
and DVD, fish aquariums, and two young kids who have
better things to think about than closing the front
door and turning out the lights, the Indrajaya-Kinandjar
family's living habits are no more energy-conscious
than that of an average family in the U.S. (In fact,
the couple had never heard of energy efficiency or solar
panels before they discovered that Habitat selected
their house "to get a special treatment," as Kinandjar
put it.)
Yet the family consumes roughly 25 kilowatt-hours (kWh)
of electricity a day -- less than half the 60-kWh average
in the U.S. And whether they intend to or not, the couple
may be setting a lifestyle precedent for thousands,
and perhaps millions, of others nationwide. Oak Ridge
is working with the DOE to come up with a prototype
house that, by 2010, will cost the same to build as
a conventional middle-class home while being 50% to
70% more efficient and functioning as a net-zero-energy
home (meaning it can produce as much energy per year
as it consumes). "Right now, all too frequently, the
typical solar home is something akin to a customized
Cadillac," said Jeff Christian, director of the Buildings
Technology Center at Oak Ridge and the man in charge
of the Habitat for Humanity project. "What we're trying
to do is come up with the Volkswagen of net-zero-energy
homes."
This goal has powerful and far-reaching implications
-- not just for addressing America's escalating power
demand, but also for controlling that of developing
countries, which are expected to experience dramatic
growth in home-building and energy demand in the next
several decades. But there are significant barriers
to making the net-zero vision a reality, not the least
of which is the Bush administration's efforts to slash
federal investments in energy efficiency, renewables,
and zero-energy homes by roughly half since it came
to power. (Funding for Zero Energy Building projects
alone would be cut from $8 million to $4 million by
the current Bush plan.) To meet the 2010 goal, according
to Christian, the country will have to see a steep reduction
in the price of solar, from roughly $15,000 to $18,000
dollars for a typical (two-kilowatt) system today to
about $3,000 to $5,000 for that same system in seven
years.
No small feat -- but if consumer demand continues to
grow, and if Congress passes a Renewable Portfolio
Standard (incorporating a benchmark set in the 2002
Senate version of the energy bill that called for 10%
renewables by 2020), and if we get a different
president in office who will sign off on it, the goal
would be eminently reachable. Granted, all those "ands"
make the forecast cloudy at best, but still, there is
a ray of hope: In the absence of federal-level support,
there is a steadily growing effort among traditional
utilities -- and, more importantly, their customers
-- to bring renewables into their energy mix. In Tennessee,
this trend is exemplified by the involvement of the
oldest and largest public utility of them all, TVA.
I Want My TVA
To be sure, TVA is a far cry from an eco-sensitive outfit.
On the contrary: It is infamous for being one of the
top polluters in the nation, deriving more than 60%
of its power from coal-fired plants (most of them dinosaurs)
and the remainder largely from nuclear. But in the last
two years, pressured by a growing concern for the failing
environmental health of the Tennessee Valley, TVA has
added nearly 3 megawatts of wind, solar, and methane
gas capacity (and is in the process of adding about
27 MW more of wind capacity) for its "Green Power Switch"
program, which offers customers the option of paying
a monthly premium for solar- and wind-generated electricity.
TVA's program was the first in the country to allow
consumers to pay extra for renewable energy; the energy
is accredited (that is, guaranteed to be clean) by an
outside organization called the Center
for Resource Solutions). Thirty MW may not sound
like much, given that TVA's total capacity is 30,000
MW, but it's a lot more than we're seeing from most
other utilities.
"They resisted the idea at first," said Steven Smith,
director of the Southern
Alliance For Clean Energy, which was the driving
force in helping TVA develop the program. "They simply
couldn't believe that people would pay more every month
for clean energy. But it's been a tremendous success,
and is becoming the gold standard for other programs
like it throughout the South."
In just two years, more than 7,000 residential customers
(out of 3.4 million total accounts) in the Tennessee
Valley have signed up for the program, making it one
of the biggest in the nation in terms of both participants
and capacity. Sixty-four of TVA's 158 distributors are
cooperating, and there's a waiting list of many more.
As a result of the unexpectedly positive response, TVA
has launched another program called Generation Partners,
which offers homeowners the option of installing their
own rooftop solar system or windmill and selling the
electricity generated back to TVA for 15 cents per kWh,
more than twice the going rate for traditionally generated
juice. The Indrajaya-Kinandjar house is the flagship
project -- the first private residence in the Southeast
selling pollution-free solar electricity back to the
grid.
Is That the Chattanooga Choo-Choo?
That flagship project has been a long time coming: The
Southeast is one of the last regions in the country
to catch on to the renewables trend, according to Smith.
"Compared to costal regions like California and the
Northeast, utilities in the Southeast have been really
reluctant to invest in renewables," he said. In part,
that's because of the preponderance of coal in the region's
energy mix, which has famously given the South some
of the cheapest electricity in the nation -- about 6
to 7 cents per kWh, compared to an average of 10 to
12 cents elsewhere. That low price makes renewables
even less cost-competitive than they are in other parts
of the country. Furthermore, environmental organizations
have far less of a presence in the South than they do
elsewhere -- and those that do exist tend to be less
well-funded than their counterparts in other places,
because the region also suffers from a lack of environmentally
minded foundations.
In the last five years, Nashville, Memphis, and Chattanooga
(all located in the Tennessee Valley) have made it onto
the list of the most polluted cities in the country.
What's more, the area's Great Smoky Mountains National
Park has become the most polluted national park in the
United States -- earning its name in more ways than
one. But, on the upside, these problems are driving
people to seek solutions. "We are seeing a very clear
correlation between the people who sign up for the Green
Power Switch and people who live in the areas surrounding
the park," said Smith. "They are very clearly saying,
'We are willing to pay more for our electricity in order
to help clean up the region.'"
The operative phrase here, of course, is "willing to
pay more." TVA makes no bones about the fact that its
renewables programs are not charity cases. "These programs
depend on people who have the desire and resources to
pay the extra increments it costs to add renewable generating
capacity to our mix," said Skila Harris, who served
in the DOE during the Clinton administration and is
now co-director of TVA. "Alternative-fuels technology
really hasn't yet proven to be something we can do and
keep our rates as low as feasible. And offering the
lowest rates possible is the No. 1 priority at TVA."
Ed Colston, marketing manager at TVA and director of
the Generation Partners program, puts it more bluntly:
"We are not trying to change the world," he said, "we're
just trying to make that option available -- in a way
that makes practical sense for our bottom line." To
wit, the Generation Partners program is nearly cost-free
for TVA. They are putting no money whatsoever into marketing
the program, relying instead on grassroots environmental
organizations like the Southern Alliance for Clean Energy
to spread the word among their constituents. And while
TVA did donate the solar panels for the Habitat house,
it was simply for the sake of demonstration; in all
subsequent projects, the homeowner will have to pay
for the system.
"We are appealing to a constituency out there that would
be putting solar and wind on their homes anyway," said
Colston. Still, the program has its advantages: For
those who do want to add renewables to their home, TVA
makes the process much quicker and easier -- addressing
safety concerns with local distributors and smoothing
out the technical issues related to interconnecting
the system to the grid (which can be a tedious and time-intensive
challenge with some utilities). Plus, TVA sweetens the
deal by buying back the home's solar energy at a premium
rate.
That's more incentive than most utilities offer. But
in the long run, it may be as good a deal for TVA as
it is for the customer: The Generation Partners program
is an easy alternative to adding solar to the Green
Power Switch program. Because it has cost TVA almost
10 times more to install solar projects than to build
wind farms, the utility has basically abandoned the
former in favor of the latter. "We will essentially
pay less to help these homeowners add the solar generation
themselves than we would to go and build those projects
ourselves," said Colston. Right now, of TVA's roughly
30 MW renewables capacity, 0.5 MW is solar-generated.
Steven Smith does find it somewhat perturbing that TVA
is so doggedly bottom-line-oriented in its approach
to renewables, but still, he said, the program represents
a major step forward.
"On the one hand, it frustrates me that customers have
to elect to buy clean energy, and yet when TVA adds,
say, a new nuke plant, which has huge up-front costs,
they just stick that into the base rate and increase
the bills without asking," said Smith. On the other
hand, he notes, proving that a profit-driven model can
work is itself incredibly useful: "You have to crawl
before you walk and walk before you run, and TVA is
the first one crawling. They've taken a powerful leadership
role in the South. Because of their example, we now
see utilities in nearby Southern states, including North
Carolina and Georgia, adding similar green-power programs."
TVA has proved to everyone the most important point
of all: Customers want it, and they're willing to pay
for it.
You Turn Me On
It's true that TVA is playing an instrumental role in
tapping the all-important well of early adopters. Your
own loyal Grist columnist is a Nashville resident and
a member of the Green Power Switch program, so I can
vouch for the fact that becoming an "early adopter"
was as easy as dialing seven digits and saying (or zealously
shouting, in my case): "I want to make the Green Power
Switch!"
It only costs me an extra $12 a month to get nearly
all of my electricity needs powered by TVA's wind farms
and solar installations. I consider those to be about
the 12 most satisfying bucks I drop each month. But
then again, I'm an energy nerd with no dependents, and
I'm well aware that such an expenditure would not be
as painless for, say, Indrajaya and Kinandjar, who have
two children to look after and house and school payments
to juggle. In the face of more pressing financial concerns,
anyone might reasonably decide that throwing money at
windmills is, well, quixotic.
And given that neither the Green Power Switch nor the
Generation Partners program is likely to have a dramatic
effect on sales of solar panels in the next seven years
(TVA hopes to get a grand total of "up to" 15 houses
into Generation Partners in the next year), they are
also not likely to do much to advance Christian's bold
vision of releasing the Volkswagen of net-zero-energy
homes by 2010.
"The message is simple," said Smith. "TVA is doing a
good job of getting the ball rolling, but to get these
programs to take off in a big way you need federal-level
efforts -- in particular a Renewable Portfolio Standard
that requires a certain percentage of the whole generation
mix in this country to come from renewable energy."
TVA's Harris herself suggested that the prospect of
an RPS was part of what was propelling the shift toward
renewables among utilities nationwide. "Utilities are
beginning to recognize [the desire for renewable energy
as] a growing trend among both consumers and policy
makers. ... The Renewable Portfolio idea has been hanging
around Washington for so long, and typically lawmakers
get worn down over the years and say, 'Okay, we'll put
something in there on that.' And when that happens it's
to your advantage, from a cost standpoint, to have already
started such a program. Smart businesses want to be
ahead of the curve."
Extending his Volkswagen metaphor, Christian argues
that, in the world of building development, the zero-energy
solar home is the equivalent of the Freedom Car (the
Bush administration's moniker for the fuel-cell car
of the future). After all, buildings produce a large
percentage of carbon dioxide emissions in the U.S.,
so decreasing those emissions would make a big difference.
Said Christian, "The attitude in Washington should be:
Let's everybody put the best brains on it, let's put
it up there with the man on the moon, with the Freedom
Car. Let's make it the grand challenge."
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Amanda Griscom’s articles on energy, technology,
and the environment have appeared in publications ranging
from Rolling Stone to The New York Times
Magazine.
This article has been reprinted courtesy of Grist
Magazine. It was first published in October
2003. |